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|commander2 = |strength1 = 150,000 |strength2 = 180,000–200,000 |casualties1 = 40,000 killed and wounded〔Stefan Kieniewicz, Andrzej Zahorski, Władysław Zajewski, ''Trzy powstania narodowe'', Warszawa 1992, p. 273. 〕 |casualties2 = about 22,000–23,000 killed〔z dostępnych informacji wynika, że straty pewne to ponad 21 tys. ludzi (suma zabitych podana przy poszczególnych bitwach), jednak nie wszystkie bitwy mają tę statystykę〕 Total killed and wounded at least 60,000 32,000 captured 5,230 – 12,000 died of disease }} The November Uprising (1830–31), Polish–Russian War 1830–31〔Wacław Tokarz, Wojna polsko-rosyjska 1830 i 1831, Warszawa 1993, ''passim''.〕 also known as the Cadet Revolution, was an armed rebellion in the heartland of partitioned Poland against the Russian Empire. The uprising began on 29 November 1830 in Warsaw when the young Polish officers from the local Army of the Congress Poland's military academy revolted, led by lieutenant Piotr Wysocki. They were soon joined by large segments of societies of Lithuania, Belarus, and the right-bank of Ukraine. Despite some local successes, the uprising was eventually crushed by a numerically superior Imperial Russian Army under Ivan Paskevich.〔(''The lands of partitioned Poland, 1795–1918.'' By Piotr Stefan Wandycz. Page 106. )〕〔( "Polish Uprising of 1830–31." ''The Great Soviet Encyclopedia'', 3rd Edition (1970–1979). Gale Group, 2010. )〕〔( "Polish Revolution of 1830." By Amy Linch. 2009. ''The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest.'' ISBN 978-1-4051-8464-9 )〕 Czar Nicholas I decreed that henceforth Poland was an integral part of Russia, with Warsaw little more than a military garrison, its university closed.〔Tucker, S.C., editor, 201, A Global Chronology of Conflict, Volume Three:1775-1860, Santa Barbara:ABC-CLIO, LLC, ISBN 9781851096671, p. 1157〕 ==Poland before the uprising== (詳細はPartitions of Poland, Poland ceased to exist as an independent political entity at the end of 1795. However, the Napoleonic Wars and Polish participation in the wars against Russia and Austria resulted in the creation the Duchy of Warsaw in 1807. The Congress of Vienna brought that state's existence to an end in 1815, and essentially solidified the long-term division of Poland among Russia, Prussia and the Habsburg Empire. The Austrian Empire annexed some of its territories in the South, Prussia took control over the semi-autonomous Grand Duchy of Poznań in the West, and Russia assumed hegemony over the semi-autonomous so-called Congress Kingdom. Initially, the Russian-formed Congress Kingdom enjoyed a relatively large amount of internal autonomy and was only indirectly subject to imperial control, having its own constitution of the Kingdom of Poland. United with Russia through a personal union with the Tsar as King of Poland, the province could elect its own parliament (the Sejm) and government. The kingdom had its own courts, army and treasury. Over time, however, the freedoms granted to the Kingdom were gradually taken back and the constitution was progressively ignored by the Russian authorities. Alexander I of Russia never formally crowned himself as King of Poland. Instead, in 1815, he appointed Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich as ''de facto'' viceroy, disregarding the constitution. Soon after the Congress of Vienna resolutions were signed, Russia ceased to respect them. In 1819 Alexander I abandoned liberty of the press in Congress Kingdom and introduced censorship. Russian secret police commanded by Nikolay Nikolayevich Novosiltsev started infiltration and persecution of Polish clandestine organizations, and in 1821 the Tsar ordered the abolition of freemasonry. As a result, after 1825 sessions of Polish Sejm were conducted in secret. Nicholas I of Russia formally crowned himself as King of Poland on 24 May 1829 in Warsaw. Despite numerous protests by various Polish politicians who actively supported the "personal union", Grand Duke Constantine had no intention of respecting the Polish constitution, one of the most progressive in Europe at that time. He abolished Polish social and patriotic organizations, the liberal opposition of the Kaliszanie faction, and replaced Poles with Russians in important administrative positions. Although married to a Pole (Joanna Grudzińska), he was commonly considered as an enemy of the Polish nation. Also, his command over the Polish Army led to serious conflicts within the officer corps. These frictions led to various conspiracies throughout the country, most notably within the army. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「November Uprising」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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